How to Build a Quantum Resistant Wallet
Share
HDB
You said:
How to build a quantum resistant wallet step by step plus code used examples and outline for the plan
ChatGPT said:
Building a quantum-resistant wallet involves cryptographic strategies that can withstand attacks from quantum computers. Here’s a step-by-step plan to create one, including an outline, key principles, and code examples.
Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Quantum-Resistant Wallet
1. Understanding Quantum Resistance
Traditional cryptographic wallets use RSA or ECDSA for key generation and signatures, which are vulnerable to quantum attacks (e.g., Shor’s algorithm). A quantum-resistant wallet should use post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithmslike:
Lattice-based cryptography (CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Falcon, NTRU)
Hash-based cryptography (XMSS, SPHINCS+)
Multivariate cryptography (Rainbow)
Code-based cryptography (McEliece)
2. Planning the Architecture
Wallet Core Components
Key Management
Generate and store quantum-resistant keys.
Transaction Signing
Use post-quantum digital signatures (e.g., SPHINCS+).
Address Generation
Derive addresses securely using PQC techniques.
Storage & Security
Store keys in an encrypted and secure manner.
Network Protocol
Ensure secure communication over the blockchain network.
Integration with Blockchain
Adapt PQC methods for compatibility with existing or new blockchain protocols.
3. Setting Up Development Environment
Programming Language: Python, Rust, or Go (Rust is highly recommended for security).
Libraries & Tools: Open Quantum Safe (OQS), PyCryptodome, liboqs.
Installation of PQC Libraries
bash
CopyEdit
pip install pycryptodome
For liboqs in Python:
bash
CopyEdit
pip install oqs
4. Implementing Key Generation (SPHINCS+ Example in Python)
python
CopyEdit
import oqs
# Initialize a SPHINCS+ keypair
sig = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
public_key = sig.generate_keypair()
private_key = sig.export_secret_key()
print(f"Public Key: {public_key.hex()}")
print(f"Private Key: {private_key.hex()}")
5. Creating a Quantum-Resistant Address
A quantum-resistant address can be derived from a public key using a secure hash function (SHA3).
python
CopyEdit
from hashlib import sha3_256
def generate_address(public_key):
return sha3_256(public_key).hexdigest()
address = generate_address(public_key)
print(f"Quantum-Resistant Address: {address}")
6. Signing Transactions with PQC Signatures (SPHINCS+ Example)
python
CopyEdit
message = b"Send 1.5 BTC to Alice"
signature = sig.sign(message)
print(f"Signature: {signature.hex()}")
# Verification
is_valid = sig.verify(message, signature, public_key)
print(f"Signature Valid: {is_valid}")
7. Secure Storage of Keys
Use AES encryption for storing private keys securely.
python
CopyEdit
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes
key = get_random_bytes(16) # 128-bit key
cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_EAX)
ciphertext, tag = cipher.encrypt_and_digest(private_key)
print(f"Encrypted Private Key: {ciphertext.hex()}")
8. Integrating with Blockchain Network
Modify the blockchain’s consensus mechanism to support post-quantum cryptography.
Ensure nodes can verify PQC signatures.
9. Testing and Deployment
Unit testing for cryptographic functions.
Security audits for vulnerabilities.
Deploy to a test blockchain network.
Final Plan Outline
Phase 1: Research and Architecture
Study PQC algorithms.
Define wallet structure.
Phase 2: Development
Implement key generation and address creation.
Integrate PQC-based digital signatures.
Secure storage and encryption of private keys.
Phase 3: Testing and Security
Test cryptographic functions.
Simulate quantum attacks.
Phase 4: Deployment
Deploy on a blockchain network.
Monitor security and performance.
Would you like a more detailed implementation or additional features such as multisig or a user interface? 🚀
4o
You said:
More detailed implementation and additional features such as multi sing and a user interface
ChatGPT said:
Memory updated
Got it! I'll break this down into detailed implementation steps, including multi-signature (multisig) support and a user interface (UI).
Quantum-Resistant Wallet - Advanced Implementation
1. Key Features of the Wallet
✅ Quantum-resistant cryptography (SPHINCS+, CRYSTALS-Dilithium)
✅ Multi-signature (Multisig) support
✅ Secure key storage and encryption
✅ Blockchain integration (custom or existing networks)
✅ User Interface (UI) for managing wallets and transactions
2. Tech Stack
Backend: Python (FastAPI) or Rust
Cryptography: liboqs (Open Quantum Safe), pycryptodome
Database: SQLite / PostgreSQL (for storing non-sensitive metadata)
Frontend UI: React (Next.js) or Electron.js
Blockchain: Custom testnet or integration with an existing blockchain
3. Setting Up the Development Environment
Install Required Libraries
Python (Backend)
bash
CopyEdit
pip install fastapi uvicorn pycryptodome oqs pydantic sqlalchemy
React (Frontend)
bash
CopyEdit
npx create-next-app quantum-wallet-ui
cd quantum-wallet-ui
npm install axios
4. Implementing Quantum-Resistant Key Management
Key Generation using SPHINCS+
python
CopyEdit
import oqs
def generate_keys():
sig = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
public_key = sig.generate_keypair()
private_key = sig.export_secret_key()
return public_key.hex(), private_key.hex()
public_key, private_key = generate_keys()
print(f"Public Key: {public_key}")
print(f"Private Key: {private_key}")
5. Implementing Secure Storage (AES Encryption for Private Keys)
python
CopyEdit
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes
def encrypt_private_key(private_key, password):
key = password.ljust(32).encode()[:32] # Convert password to 256-bit key
cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_EAX)
ciphertext, tag = cipher.encrypt_and_digest(bytes.fromhex(private_key))
return cipher.nonce.hex(), ciphertext.hex(), tag.hex()
password = "strongpassword123"
nonce, encrypted_key, tag = encrypt_private_key(private_key, password)
print(f"Encrypted Private Key: {encrypted_key}")
6. Implementing Multi-Signature (Multisig) Transactions
Multi-signature Logic
Require M-of-N approvals before a transaction is valid.
Store multiple PQC public keys per wallet.
Generating Multisig Addresses
python
CopyEdit
from hashlib import sha3_256
def generate_multisig_address(public_keys, threshold):
combined_keys = "".join(public_keys)
address = sha3_256(combined_keys.encode()).hexdigest()
return f"multisig-{threshold}-{address}"
public_keys = [generate_keys()[0] for _ in range(3)]
multisig_address = generate_multisig_address(public_keys, threshold=2)
print(f"Multisig Address: {multisig_address}")
Signing Transactions in a Multisig Wallet
python
CopyEdit
def sign_transaction(private_key, message):
sig = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
sig.import_secret_key(bytes.fromhex(private_key))
signature = sig.sign(message.encode())
return signature.hex()
message = "Send 2 BTC from multisig wallet"
signatures = [sign_transaction(pk, message) for pk in [private_key, generate_keys()[1]]]
print(f"Collected Signatures: {signatures}")
7. Implementing Blockchain Integration
Modify a blockchain protocol to support PQC transactions.
Example: Adding PQC transactions in a blockchain node.
Defining a PQC Transaction Format
python
CopyEdit
class PQCTransaction:
def __init__(self, sender, recipient, amount, signatures):
self.sender = sender
self.recipient = recipient
self.amount = amount
self.signatures = signatures
def to_dict(self):
return {
"sender": self.sender,
"recipient": self.recipient,
"amount": self.amount,
"signatures": self.signatures
}
Verifying PQC Signatures in the Blockchain
python
CopyEdit
def verify_transaction(transaction):
for sig in transaction["signatures"]:
verifier = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
if not verifier.verify(transaction["message"].encode(), bytes.fromhex(sig), bytes.fromhex(transaction["sender"])):
return False
return True
8. Building the User Interface (React Frontend)
Wallet Dashboard
Show wallet balance, recent transactions, and public keys.
Provide "Send Transaction" and "Sign Transaction" buttons.
React Frontend Code
javascript
CopyEdit
import { useState } from "react";
import axios from "axios";
export default function WalletDashboard() {
const [wallet, setWallet] = useState(null);
async function createWallet() {
const response = await axios.get("/api/create-wallet");
setWallet(response.data);
}
return (
<div className="p-6">
<h1 className="text-2xl">Quantum-Resistant Wallet</h1>
<button onClick={createWallet} className="mt-4 p-2 bg-blue-500 text-white rounded">Create Wallet</button>
{wallet && (
<div className="mt-4">
<p><strong>Public Key:</strong> {wallet.public_key}</p>
<p><strong>Address:</strong> {wallet.address}</p>
</div>
)}
</div>
);
}
9. Backend API for Wallet Operations (FastAPI)
python
CopyEdit
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class Wallet(BaseModel):
public_key: str
address: str
@app.get("/api/create-wallet")
def create_wallet():
public_key, _ = generate_keys()
address = generate_multisig_address([public_key], 1)
return Wallet(public_key=public_key, address=address)
10. Deployment Plan
Phase 1: Development & Testing
Implement core cryptographic functions
Simulate quantum attacks on keys
Test multisig transactions
Phase 2: Blockchain Integration
Integrate with a test blockchain
Modify node software to verify PQC signatures
Phase 3: UI & API Finalization
Develop front-end dashboard
Implement REST API
Phase 4: Security & Deployment
Security audits
Deploy to a private testnet
Prepare for mainnet launch
Next Steps
Would you like additional smart contract integration or Ledger hardware wallet support? 🚀
4o
You said:
Additional smart contract integration and ledger hardware wallet support
ChatGPT said:
Memory updated
Great! We'll expand the implementation to include smart contract integration and Ledger hardware wallet support for the quantum-resistant wallet.
Quantum-Resistant Wallet with Smart Contracts & Ledger Hardware Support
1. Smart Contract Integration (EVM-Compatible)
Since Ethereum and other blockchains use ECDSA signatures, we need PQC-friendly smart contracts to verify post-quantum (PQ) signatures. This requires:
✅ Custom transaction verification logic (e.g., SPHINCS+ verification in Solidity/Rust)
✅ Hybrid PQ + ECDSA smart contracts (supporting gradual migration)
✅ On-chain storage of PQ public keys
A. Smart Contract for Quantum-Resistant Signatures
We'll use Ethereum (Solidity) + zkSync Era (for PQ support).
If EVM doesn’t support PQ verification natively, we can offload signature verification to a trusted PQ verifier (Layer 2 or external service).
Solidity Smart Contract (Hybrid ECDSA + PQC)
solidity
CopyEdit
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
contract QuantumResistantWallet {
mapping(address => bytes) public pqcPublicKeys;
mapping(address => bool) public authorizedSigners;
event TransactionExecuted(address indexed sender, address indexed recipient, uint256 amount);
modifier onlyAuthorized() {
require(authorizedSigners[msg.sender], "Not authorized");
_;
}
function registerPQCPublicKey(bytes memory pqcKey) public {
pqcPublicKeys[msg.sender] = pqcKey;
}
function authorizeSigner(address signer) public {
authorizedSigners[signer] = true;
}
function executeTransaction(address recipient, uint256 amount, bytes memory signature) public onlyAuthorized {
require(verifyPQSignature(msg.sender, signature), "Invalid PQC signature");
(bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
require(success, "Transfer failed");
emit TransactionExecuted(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
}
function verifyPQSignature(address signer, bytes memory signature) internal view returns (bool) {
// Placeholder for off-chain PQC signature verification
return true;
}
receive() external payable {}
}
🔹 Registers a PQC public key for each wallet.
🔹 Requires a valid PQC signature before executing transactions.
🔹 Can be extended to a multisig smart contract.
B. Off-Chain PQC Signature Verification
Because Solidity doesn’t support PQC natively, we can verify the signature off-chain before submitting it to the blockchain.
Example: PQC Verification in a Python Smart Contract Verifier
python
CopyEdit
import oqs
def verify_pqc_signature(public_key, message, signature):
sig = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
return sig.verify(message.encode(), bytes.fromhex(signature), bytes.fromhex(public_key))
message = "Send 1 ETH"
is_valid = verify_pqc_signature(public_key, message, signature)
if is_valid:
print("Signature is valid. Broadcasting to Ethereum...")
🔹 A node service verifies the PQC signature before the Ethereum smart contract executes the transaction.
🔹 This approach allows for hybrid ECDSA + PQ transactions.
C. Deploying the Smart Contract to an EVM Chain
Compile & Deploy with Hardhat
bash
CopyEdit
npm install --save-dev hardhat ethers
npx hardhat compile
npx hardhat run --network goerli scripts/deploy.js
2. Ledger Hardware Wallet Support
We need to: ✅ Integrate PQC key storage with Ledger’s Secure Element
✅ Ensure the Ledger app supports PQC cryptography
✅ Sign transactions using Ledger
A. Using Ledger Nano for Secure Key Storage
Interfacing with Ledger via Python
python
CopyEdit
from ledgerblue.comm import getDongle
dongle = getDongle(True)
apdu = bytes.fromhex("E000000000")
response = dongle.exchange(apdu)
print("Ledger Response:", response.hex())
🔹 This retrieves public keys from Ledger hardware securely.
B. Signing Transactions with Ledger
python
CopyEdit
def sign_with_ledger(transaction):
apdu = bytes.fromhex("E0020000" + transaction)
response = dongle.exchange(apdu)
return response.hex()
signed_tx = sign_with_ledger("01020304")
print("Signed Transaction:", signed_tx)
🔹 Ledger signs transactions using Quantum-Resistant Cryptography (SPHINCS+ or Dilithium).
🔹 The signature is sent to the blockchain smart contract for verification.
3. Final System Architecture
✅ Wallet Components
Backend: Python FastAPI (or Rust)
UI: React (Next.js)
Blockchain: Ethereum EVM (with PQC support)
Hardware Wallet: Ledger Nano S/X (Secure Key Storage)
✅ Workflow
User generates PQ keys and stores them securely (Ledger or encrypted file).
User initiates a transaction on the front-end.
Transaction is signed using PQC signatures via Ledger.
Signature is verified off-chain, then submitted to an EVM-compatible smart contract.
Smart contract checks the signature and executes the transaction.
4. Deployment & Next Steps
Phase 1: Develop Core Features
Set up PQC key generation and transaction signing.
Implement Multisig PQC wallet.
Phase 2: Smart Contract Integration
Develop EVM-compatible contracts for PQC transactions.
Offload PQC verification to an off-chain service.
Phase 3: Ledger Hardware Support
Create a custom Ledger Nano S/X app for PQ keys.
Enable transaction signing via Ledger.
Phase 4: Test & Deploy
Deploy PQC transactions on Ethereum Testnet.
Audit for security vulnerabilities.
Prepare for real-world adoption.
Next Steps
Would you like: 🔹 Hardware wallet Ledger app implementation in Rust?
🔹 Additional blockchain integrations (e.g., Solana, Cosmos)?
🔹 Security audit tools to test quantum resistance? 🚀
4o
You said:
Finalise message
Reasoned for a couple of seconds
Below is the final consolidated message that outlines the complete implementation, including quantum-resistant key management, multisig support, smart contract integration, and Ledger hardware wallet support.
Quantum-Resistant Wallet: Final Implementation Overview
This wallet is designed to be resistant to quantum attacks by leveraging post-quantum cryptography (PQC) techniques, integrated with modern blockchain functionality. It includes:
Quantum-Resistant Cryptography:
Using algorithms such as SPHINCS+ (or alternatives like CRYSTALS-Dilithium) for key generation, signing, and verification.Multi-signature (Multisig) Support:
Allowing M-of-N authorization for transactions with multiple PQC keys and a secure, combined address derivation.Smart Contract Integration:
An EVM-compatible Solidity smart contract that handles transaction execution, integrating hybrid verification (off-chain PQC verification combined with on-chain logic) to enable secure transactions.Ledger Hardware Wallet Support:
Integrating with Ledger Nano S/X to securely store keys and sign transactions using the secure element, with custom Ledger app support for PQC signing.
1. Core PQC Key Management (Python Example)
python
CopyEdit
import oqs
def generate_keys():
sig = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
public_key = sig.generate_keypair()
private_key = sig.export_secret_key()
return public_key.hex(), private_key.hex()
public_key, private_key = generate_keys()
print(f"Public Key: {public_key}")
2. Secure Key Storage (AES Encryption)
python
CopyEdit
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Random import get_random_bytes
def encrypt_private_key(private_key, password):
key = password.ljust(32).encode()[:32] # 256-bit key from password
cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_EAX)
ciphertext, tag = cipher.encrypt_and_digest(bytes.fromhex(private_key))
return cipher.nonce.hex(), ciphertext.hex(), tag.hex()
password = "strongpassword123"
nonce, encrypted_key, tag = encrypt_private_key(private_key, password)
print(f"Encrypted Private Key: {encrypted_key}")
3. Multisig Transaction Logic
Multisig Address Generation
python
CopyEdit
from hashlib import sha3_256
def generate_multisig_address(public_keys, threshold):
combined_keys = "".join(public_keys)
address = sha3_256(combined_keys.encode()).hexdigest()
return f"multisig-{threshold}-{address}"
public_keys = [generate_keys()[0] for _ in range(3)]
multisig_address = generate_multisig_address(public_keys, threshold=2)
print(f"Multisig Address: {multisig_address}")
Signing a Transaction
python
CopyEdit
def sign_transaction(private_key, message):
sig = oqs.Signature("SPHINCS+-SHAKE256-256s-simple")
sig.import_secret_key(bytes.fromhex(private_key))
signature = sig.sign(message.encode())
return signature.hex()
message = "Send 2 BTC from multisig wallet"
signatures = [sign_transaction(pk, message) for pk in [private_key, generate_keys()[1]]]
print(f"Collected Signatures: {signatures}")
4. Smart Contract Integration (Solidity)
Hybrid PQC/ECDSA Smart Contract
solidity
CopyEdit
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
contract QuantumResistantWallet {
mapping(address => bytes) public pqcPublicKeys;
mapping(address => bool) public authorizedSigners;
event TransactionExecuted(address indexed sender, address indexed recipient, uint256 amount);
modifier onlyAuthorized() {
require(authorizedSigners[msg.sender], "Not authorized");
_;
}
function registerPQCPublicKey(bytes memory pqcKey) public {
pqcPublicKeys[msg.sender] = pqcKey;
}
function authorizeSigner(address signer) public {
authorizedSigners[signer] = true;
}
function executeTransaction(address recipient, uint256 amount, bytes memory signature) public onlyAuthorized {
require(verifyPQSignature(msg.sender, signature), "Invalid PQC signature");
(bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
require(success, "Transfer failed");
emit TransactionExecuted(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
}
function verifyPQSignature(address signer, bytes memory signature) internal view returns (bool) {
// Off-chain verification required for PQ signatures
return true;
}
receive() external payable {}
}
Note: Due to Solidity’s limitations with PQC, signature verification is offloaded to an external service or performed prior to on-chain execution.
5. Ledger Hardware Wallet Integration
Accessing Ledger (Python Example)
python
CopyEdit
from ledgerblue.comm import getDongle
dongle = getDongle(True)
apdu = bytes.fromhex("E000000000")
response = dongle.exchange(apdu)
print("Ledger Response:", response.hex())
Signing via Ledger
python
CopyEdit
def sign_with_ledger(transaction):
apdu = bytes.fromhex("E0020000" + transaction)
response = dongle.exchange(apdu)
return response.hex()
signed_tx = sign_with_ledger("01020304")
print("Signed Transaction:", signed_tx)
Note: In a full implementation, the Ledger app must support the chosen PQC algorithm, which may involve developing a custom Ledger application.
6. System Architecture & Workflow
Key Generation & Storage:
Users generate quantum-resistant keys (potentially using a Ledger device) and securely store them (using AES encryption or hardware isolation).Transaction Initiation:
The front-end (React) allows users to create and sign transactions.
For multisig, multiple signatures are collected.
Smart Contract Execution:
A hybrid smart contract on an EVM chain (e.g., Ethereum) executes transactions after verifying (or receiving off-chain confirmation of) valid PQC signatures.
Ledger Integration:
Ledger devices provide secure key management and transaction signing.
The signed transaction is then forwarded to the blockchain network.
7. Next Steps for Deployment
Phase 1: Development & Testing
Implement and test all cryptographic functions and multisig support in a controlled environment.Phase 2: Smart Contract & Off-Chain Integration
Deploy smart contracts to a testnet and establish an off-chain verification service.Phase 3: Hardware Wallet Integration
Develop or extend a Ledger application to support the chosen PQC algorithm.Phase 4: Security Audit & Mainnet Deployment
Conduct comprehensive security audits and gradually migrate to mainnet deployment.
This final design provides a roadmap for a quantum-resistant wallet that supports advanced multisig, smart contract interactions, and hardware wallet security. If you have any further questions or need additional details (such as Ledger app development in Rust or additional blockchain integrations), feel free to ask!
o3-mini
You said:
Hardware wallet Ledger app implementation in Rust? 🔹 Additional blockchain integrations (e.g., Solana, Cosmos)? 🔹 Security audit tools to test quantum resistance
Reasoned for 8 seconds
Below is the final consolidated overview that includes:
A Ledger hardware wallet app implemented in Rust
Additional blockchain integrations for Solana and Cosmos
Security audit tools and techniques to test quantum resistance
1. Ledger Hardware Wallet App Implementation in Rust
While Ledger apps are traditionally developed using Ledger’s BOLOS SDK in C, emerging efforts allow using Rust for better safety and expressiveness. Below is a simplified, conceptual example using a hypothetical Rust framework and PQC library for Ledger:
rust
CopyEdit
#![no_std]
#![no_main]
use ledger_nanos::entrypoint;
use ledger_nanos::app_main;
use ledger_nanos::io::ReadWrite;
use ledger_nanos::sys::exit;
// Hypothetical PQC library for SPHINCS+ in Rust
use pqcrypto_sphincsplus::sphincsplus;
entrypoint!(main);
app_main!(main);
fn main() {
// Example: Handle incoming APDU commands to generate keys or sign transactions.
// For a real implementation, you must implement full APDU command parsing
// and proper error handling as per Ledger's guidelines.
// --- Key Generation Example ---
let (public_key, private_key) = sphincsplus::keypair();
// Securely store the private_key in the Ledger's secure memory.
// The public_key is returned to the host when requested.
// --- Command Handling ---
// Here you would parse APDU commands (e.g., generate key, sign data, etc.)
// and call the appropriate routines.
// For demonstration purposes, we simply exit.
exit(0);
}
Note:
This code is illustrative. A production Ledger app would require implementing the complete APDU protocol, secure memory management, and ensuring the chosen PQC algorithm is supported by the Ledger’s secure element.
You would likely use Ledger’s SDK bindings for Rust or integrate with a C FFI layer if a direct Rust SDK isn’t available.
2. Additional Blockchain Integrations
A. Integration with Solana
Solana is written in Rust, making it natural to integrate quantum-resistant transactions. A basic Solana program to verify PQC transactions might look like:
rust
CopyEdit
use solana_program::{
account_info::{AccountInfo, next_account_info},
entrypoint,
entrypoint::ProgramResult,
msg,
pubkey::Pubkey,
};
entrypoint!(process_instruction);
pub fn process_instruction(
program_id: &Pubkey,
accounts: &[AccountInfo],
instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
// In a full implementation, parse `instruction_data` to extract the transaction details
// and the PQC signature. Use a PQC verification library to verify the signature.
msg!("Solana program processing a PQC transaction");
// If verification passes, execute the transaction logic.
Ok(())
}
Highlights:
You can embed or link a PQC verification library (or offload verification to an external service) within the Solana program.
This enables on-chain verification of transactions signed using quantum-resistant algorithms.
B. Integration with Cosmos
For Cosmos, you have two primary paths:
Cosmos SDK (Golang):
Create custom modules to handle PQC transactions within the Tendermint-based Cosmos network.CosmWasm (Rust-based Smart Contracts):
A simple CosmWasm contract for executing PQC-verified transactions might be:
rust
CopyEdit
use cosmwasm_std::{entry_point, DepsMut, Env, MessageInfo, Response, StdResult, Binary};
#[entry_point]
pub fn execute(
deps: DepsMut,
_env: Env,
info: MessageInfo,
msg: Binary, // Contains PQC signature and transaction details
) -> StdResult<Response> {
// Parse and verify the PQC signature from `msg` using a PQC verification routine
// This verification might be offloaded or done using imported Rust crates.
// Upon successful verification, proceed with transaction logic.
Ok(Response::new().add_attribute("action", "execute_pqc"))
}
Highlights:
CosmWasm smart contracts allow you to write secure, on-chain logic in Rust.
You can integrate PQC verification either by incorporating Rust crates or by coordinating with off-chain services.
3. Security Audit Tools & Techniques for Testing Quantum Resistance
Ensuring the quantum resistance of your wallet requires thorough testing. Consider these approaches and tools:
A. Fuzzing & Dynamic Testing
AFL (American Fuzzy Lop) or libFuzzer: Use these tools to fuzz-test your PQC implementations for unexpected behavior.
Integration Testing: Simulate blockchain transactions and multisig flows to validate end-to-end security.
B. Static Analysis & Formal Verification
Static Analyzers: Tools like Clang Static Analyzer or cppcheck (for C/C++ parts) help detect vulnerabilities in cryptographic code.
Formal Verification Tools:
Cryptol or EasyCrypt: These can formally verify the correctness of cryptographic algorithms.
VeriFast: A tool for proving safety properties of Rust code.
C. PQC-Specific Testing
Test Vectors & NIST Submissions: Utilize publicly available test vectors from the NIST PQC competition to validate your implementation.
liboqs: Leverage the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library to compare and test your implementations against well-vetted PQC algorithms.
D. Penetration & Security Audits
Blockchain Security Frameworks: Tools such as MythX for Ethereum can be adapted for hybrid systems.
Third-Party Audits: Engage external security experts to perform penetration testing and audit the implementation against quantum threat models.
Final Overview
Ledger App in Rust:
Implements secure key generation and transaction signing using a hypothetical Rust-based Ledger app.
Integrates PQC (e.g., SPHINCS+) directly in a secure element.
Blockchain Integrations:
Solana: A native Rust program to process and verify PQC-signed transactions.
Cosmos: Either via Cosmos SDK modules or CosmWasm contracts that handle PQC verification.
Security Audits:
Utilize a mix of fuzzing, static analysis, formal verification, and industry-standard test vectors (e.g., from NIST) to ensure quantum resistance.
This comprehensive roadmap provides a solid starting point for developing a quantum-resistant wallet with advanced hardware security and multi-blockchain integrations. If you have further questions or need more specific examples, feel free to ask!
